Wijayasiri KulatungaƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚  B.Sc. M. Phil.

In first part of ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…- Eliminate Divide & Rule PolicyƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ article, massive destruction caused by that policy in different communities in Asia region is discussed. In this part of the article, reasons that support to unify different communities not only in Sri Lanka but also in Asia region are explained. People traveled in Asia region may have observed evidences for the relationship they have with other communities. However some information noted by me is included in next few paragraphs for the readerƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s benefit.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ While working with international company I had an opportunity to visit Lahore area of Pakistan and Ahmedabad, Bangalore of India in 2006. Having completed my work in a Pakistan fabric mills, I had an opportunity to visit a garment factory and talk to several Pakistani persons. A person who participated our work said ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Panch ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ pointing his finger to number 5. Then I asked how they call figure 54. What he said was ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Pan-Cha-lisƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ Sinhala Buddhist is familiar with word ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…- Pan-Sa-lisƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚. This Punjabi person said ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Sath-DinƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ for 7- days.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚  ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Sath DinaƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ is very familiar in Sinhala language. They call their father as Abba Ji. This may have converted in Sinhala as Abba ji -Appa Ji ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢¢”š¬…” Appa chi and later as Appachchi. He informed us that some Punjabi people call their mother as ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-AmmaƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ and brother of their mother as ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-MamaƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚, which is used by Sinhala people. Bangladesh person that work as a factory manager in Pakistan pointing his finger toward bitter gourd (Karawila is the Sinhala name) in a vegetable market and said, ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…- we call that vegetable as KarawilaƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

Same day I participated a dinner organized by Pakistani team in a hotel garden. One of the participants pointing his finger several tables away said ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…- Chand PayaƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ and all the Pakistani persons started laughing. When I turn my head and look at that side, what I saw was a bold headed person reflecting the light hanged in a tree near the table. I too laugh and said that we use ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…- Chandra, Sanda or Handa ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ for the moon and joined the laugh stating ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Handa Pa-yaƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚. In early 1970s, I could remember one of our cousin sisters laughed saying ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Ah! Handa Pa-ya-laƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ to my brother who has less hair.

On my way from Lahore to Karachi, airhostess spoke to me in her own language. I informed her ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…- I am not a Pakistani. Please speak to me in EnglishƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚. She immediately changed the language and helped me to follow their instruction for safe passage. The passenger next to my seat who heard this conversation said ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…- Oh! I thought you are a Pakistani.ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚  When I got in to next flight schedule to Sri Lanka from Karachi, I felt very cold environment with A/C and put on my jacket before occupying the seat. I saw another passenger close by my seat smiling and I explained him that I could not tolerate that low temperature. I spoke to him in English and later spoke to him also in Sinhala. That passenger responded to me in both languages. Later I asked him ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-You are a Sri Lankan. ArenƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢t you?ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ he said, ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…- No, I am a PakistaniƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ then he asked me ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…- ArenƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢t you also a Pakistani. I said, ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…- No, I am a Sri lankanƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ We both laugh and later continue our discussion. He said that he completed his MBBS in Sri Lanka University and continuing his internship in a hospital in Sri Lanka. He further stated his village is closer to Taxila (Thaksala ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢¢”š¬…” according to our Buddhist literature), which is in northern Pakistan where Punjabi population lived.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ I attended some work in Ahmedabad of India and also visited Ghandi Ashram (Ashramaya in sinhala language) and Arvind fabric mill. I met Biswajith Nanda, Vipul during this visit. Names such as Nanda, Vipula, and Aravinda are used by Sinhala people. The people I met in both countries have dark and light skin colours similar to the people of Sri Lanka. I went through Andra Bojanam Manu placed on my table of the dining hall of 5 star hotel of Bangalore and requested them to supply some foods with out mustard powder. The waiter suggested me to eat ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”¹…”APPAMƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢. I ordered 2 items. When he delivered that food I laughed and said that is very similar to Appa we eat in Sri Lanka. Only difference I saw is the usage of flat bottom saucepan to prepare APPAM.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

While attending to audit of textile laboratory in Bangalore, the lab inƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢¢”š¬…”charge that uses Kannada language said there alphabets are very similar to Sinhala Alphabets. When I entered the airport at Bangalore, I saw instruction notices hanged on the wall. Some of the letters are very similar to Sinhala alphabets. A girl about 7 years old who visited my home few months later viewed some photographs I took during that trip. No sooner she opened below photograph , she pointed a letter shown by an arrow and shouted ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Maha-Pra-Na Ta yannaƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ These incidents imply that we have close relationship even though we live in separate countries apart by several thousand miles in Asia region. All these cases directed my attention to the relationship we would have with the people in Indus valley.

Spoken language of Sinhala has direct root to original Sanskrit and Pali languages used by Indo Aryan. Some information of verbs and nouns in Sinhala language derived form Sanskrit languages can be found in website http://www.selfdiscoveryportal.com/cmSanskrit.htm#csd and we share them with people who use different languages in India and Pakistan. I surfed more and found the website http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kannada.htm, which helped to see the alphabets used in different languages (links are at the bottom of this page) in India subcontinent. Sinhala alphabet (akura)ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚  ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Ayanna ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ is in Indo-Aryan language Oriya, spoken by large number of people lived in the Indian state of Orissa, and also in West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Gujarat. Other alphabets closer to Sinhala can be found in several languages in southern part of the India. Balinese, Dhives Akuru, EvƒÆ’-¾ƒ¢¢”š¬…”la Akuru, Grantha, Malayalam, Telugu and Lanna and Lao in Thailand. Sanskrit, an ancient language in India, may have striking similarities to Greek and to Latin and to English.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Even Tamil people can evaluate the development of their language and they can notice very similar alphabets in other languages in the subcontinent. All these information point out that development of any language in south Asia has some connection with the people who use other languages in Indian subcontinent even though these people identify them as separate nations. Scientific analysis further provides very reliable information to determine the links of the different nations in this world.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ According to the data gathered in genetic evaluation, about 98% similarity of human and chimpanzee genomes proves chimpanzees are our closest relative animals live in modern world. Also some shows that human and chimpanzees split from common ancestors about 6 million years ago and evolved up to present level.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Membrane-enclosed organelle known as Mitochondria in animal cells that transfer through egg from mother to child involved in converting food products absorbed to power. Separate genomes in Mitochondria (mtDNA) analysis conducted by collecting samples from various people in the world point out that all the population live in this world share one specific mutation and are the descendents of a single female identified as Mitochondrial Eve who lived about 150,000 ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢¢”š¬…” 175,000 years ago in East Africa. Descendents of other women lived in that period are now vanished. Whether you consider you are a Tamil national and even if we consider we are Sinhalese as separate nations, we all are descendents of her about 5000 generation later. She is our great-great-great-great-great- (fill in roughly 5000 “greats”)-grandmother and people from all over the world are remarkably similar sharing 99.9% of genes in their body cells. Genomes of our cells vary from person to person by 1/1000 and that would help scientist to find our evolutionary history.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ We can find a lot of articles in websites that conclude the place of origin of modern human as Africa. People with next first set of mtDNA mutations identified as L1, L2 haplogroups who live inside of Africa while L3 haplogroup started migration out of that continent about 60,000 years ago. Further mutations of haplogroup L3 resulted in generating M and N major haplogroups. M haplogroup further undergo several mutations and spread in Asia while Haplogroup N moved towards Europe with further subdivisions.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚  Chapter 31 of Archaeogenetics: DNA and the population prehistory of Europe, Edited by Colin Renfrew &Katie Boyle state, ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-Through the analyses of about 1000 mtDNA genomes and 400 Y chromosomes from various locations in India we reached the following conclusions, relevant to the peopling of Europe in particular and of the Old World in general. ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ…-First, we found that the node of the phylogenetic tree of mtDNA, ancestral to more than 90 per cent of the present-day typically European maternal lineages, is present in India at a relatively highfrequency.ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ”š‚ (Toomas Kivisild, Surinder S. Papiha et al.)

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ About 60% of the present population in Indian subcontinent are from this super M haplogroup and split in to sub groups in Eastern Asia such as China, Japan, Korea Papua, Malaysia and aboriginals of Australia. Sub-clades M2 could be found in southern India regions. Thesis forwarded by Karmin shows Sri Lankan govigama, Shiks in PunjabƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚  and Brahmis of Maharastra people belong to a subclad R 30 while Tamil speaking Muslims in Sri Lanka are in R 5 group and Dravidian in Andra pradesh are in R8 sub-clades (Karmin et al 2005).

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ According to geneticist Spencer Wells, all humans alive today out of Africa are descendents from a single man identified as Y-chromosomal Adam lived in Africa 60,000 years ago, approximately 2000 generation earlier. He is our great-great-great-great-great- (fill in roughly 2000 “greats”)-grandfather. Descendents of him started migration out of Africa may have reached Ethiopia, Yemen, Iran, Indus valley, south India and spread in East Asia Australia and Europe with number of mutations in Y chromosome creating another type of haplogroups. Haplogroup H probably occurred in India some 30,000-40,000 year ago is found in India and Sri Lanka in high frequency. Web page http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ shows the path of human migration out of Africa with a time frame.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Excavation of prehistoric sites by Louis Dupree, the University of Pennsylvania, the Smithsonian Institution and others suggests that early humans were living at least 50,000 years earlier in Afghanistan (Gandhara deshaya as known by Buddhist) and that farming communities in Afghanistan were among the earliest in the world.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Skeletal remains collected from the cave sites of Batadomba Lena and Beli Lena andƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚  Fa Hien Cave shows that hunter gatherer lived in Sri Lanka over 28,000 years earlier has link to modern human who may also the decedents of Y-chromosomal Adam. May be Yaksha and Naga tribes lived in Sri Lanka at the time of prince VijayaƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s visit are also descendents of Y-chromosomal Adam who may have genetically links with people in southern India. They united with the people of Lata Rashtra (Punjabi and Gujarati) reached Sri Lanka with prince Vijaya creating Sinhala nation with the leadership of king Pandukabhaya in several generation later. The people migrated to Sri Lanka with Buddhist religion leader Arhath Mahinda from Gandhara Deshaya may have also mixed their genes with local population lived in Sri Lanka at that time.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

All these evidence proves that there are no scientific reasons to split modern human population in the world as separate nations even though the political leaders use separate nationalism to divide and rule their subordinates or get groups support in other country to split their country to exploit resources available in their living areas. These scientific evidences further point out that all the communities live in Indian subcontinent including Afghanistan Pakistan are very close relatives even though they use different languages or guided under different religions.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Indian Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mayawati recently said that she sought carving out Bundelkhand, Harit Pradesh and Purvanchal states and some other people are working on to carving separate Telangana state from Andra Pradesh. Terror movement in Kashmir and Orissa province also intensifying their activity to split India. According to an article publish in www.newkerala.com on Oct 31: A staggering 174 terrorist, insurgent and extremist groups are operating across India. If all these activities are successful, India may split like dust particles massacring billion of our cousins.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ If Sri Lankan in 2005 selected Ranil Wickremasinghe as the president who betrayed the Sinhalese, Muslims and Tamils allowing LTTE to slaughter democratic political leaders and the army intelligence unit and to chase away or kill innocent people specially from the North and East would led to split Sri Lanka by massacring millions of people. Recent split created between Sarath Fonseka and Mahinda Rajapaksa union by Ranil and SomawansaƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s coalition again provide an opportunity to reorganize Terror movement in Sri Lanka with the support of TNA that represent LTTE politically. If Sri Lankan voters accepted UNP/JVP/TNA plan to bring Sarath Fonseka as the president, then that might allowed leading western countries to support terror groups again to massacre millions of people and split Sri Lanka. These countries then treat all of us as same as the people now suffered in Iraq/Afghanistan/Pakistan.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ We all in Asia region should bring up very reliable efficient leaders to work on to unite all of us. Political competency of Mahinda Rajapaksa is used efficiently with political leaders of Pakistan, India and China to prevent the split of Sri Lanka. He is one of the political leaders who have the ability to work on the unity of different communities in Asia region preventing influence from western countries to divide & destroy Asian people. We should not support any terrorist in Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Yemen or Iran but educate them that we all are close relatives, who donƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢t have any reason to divide any country. If there are any grievances caused by the use of different languages, religion or the cast, lets suggest them to start communication with other groups and resolve those grievances quickly preventing western countries support to Divide and Rule us according to their political and economical strategy. We also should appreciate if political leaders of western countries understand that we Asian people are their close relatives and help to uplift living standards of the people live in Asia.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚