Dr Hector Perera

Carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other chemicals are responsible for global warming and climate change, and CO₂ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ has also been the main contributor due to various technical and chemical production process operations.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ But CO₂ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ has also been responsible for the beneficial Greenhouse gases for increased food production worldwide.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The gas is consumed by all vegetation in the process of photosynthesis then Oxygen (O₂) is released into the atmosphere as Oxygen.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ This process takes place only in the presence of day light in presence of sunlight. In the night, the reverse reaction takes place that means it takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide that is due to respiration.

CO₂ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ and other gases in the atmosphere trap heat energy that would otherwise escape into space.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ This is called the greenhouse effect and increases the EarthƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s average global temperature, called global warming.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Hydrocarbons are compounds which contain only the two elements namely carbon and hydrogen.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The hydrogen atom is bonded to the central carbon atom for example methane has four hydrogen atoms bonded to central carbon atom.

ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Since the 1960ƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s PCBƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s/CFCƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s were produced in large quantities for various cooling applications, refrigerants, aerosol sprays, aromatic solvents, phenols, and foam-blowing agents.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ PCBƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s/CFCƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s (polychlorinated biphenyl and chlorofluorocarbon) were leaking, and large quantities were discharged into the atmosphere and stratosphere, and created ultimately large holes within the 9-mile to 25 mile (or 15 to 40 kilometers) altitude ozone layer.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Ocean temperatures affect the amount of carbon dioxide gas the ocean water can absorb, including the dispersion through reverse osmosis, or retention.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

A large portion of data is gleaned and presented in condensed form from existing research and publications from numerous organizations, the United Nations, universities and researchers from many countries.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The noteworthy listing of credits to researchers is very extensive, and a listing is not provided.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Detailed factual research information can be found on many websites with numerous links under Global Warming; Climate Change; CO₂ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Science;www.fueleconomy.gov; Carbon Dioxide, The Green Revolution, American Geophysical Union, NASA, NOAA,ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ theozonehole@gmail.com; The Oil Drum; ScientificAmerican.com; Earth Observatory News; EO News Room; The British Antarctic Survey of the Natural Environment Research Council; Environment Canada; Energy Information Administration/Department of Energy; The World Oil & Gas Review; UNEP; United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has produced an International policy on carbon dioxide and climate change; the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAOSTAT); Soil Science Society of America and American Society of Agronomy, at Madison, Wisconsin, et cetera.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The United States is a member of the UNFCCC.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

The Antarctic and Arctic regions are undergoing major climate changes, and the ice shelves are melting at an alarming rate due to warmer temperatures and because of higher concentrations of CO_{2ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚} and greenhouse gases into the atmosphere primarily from fossil fuel emissions.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ As the ice is melting, the water is distributed globally, and the water is concentrated in larger quantities in the Southern Hemisphere, because the earthƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s landmasses are predominantly located in the Northern Hemisphere. The worldƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s landmass surface amounts to 30% of the EarthƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s surface area, and the oceans comprise the other 70% of the world surface area.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ Al GoreƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s presentation on Global Warming portrays the present and protracted future Climate Changes, but lacks adequate recommendations and solutions.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The Earth is enclosed in an atmospheric and gravitational envelope, with its weight balanced on a drifting axis.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The redistribution of melted water weight from the Arctic and Antarctic into the Southern Hemisphere causes the shifting of the North/South Pole Axis, which has occurred more rapidly, and has accelerated in the last 40 years.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ According to available research, the North Pole is moving into the direction of Russia at a rather fast pace.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

The large amounts of CO2 and greenhouse gases that are produced from the Northern and Southern Hemisphere are fairly evenly distributed into the stratosphere, but gradually gravitate from the faster moving equatorial region to be flung toward the slower moving gravitational polar axis, and produce stratospheric clouds.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ The CO₂ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ causes reactions between ozone gas, chlorine, methyl bromide and halogen gases. Most of the halogens are produced from Chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere by industrial processes, and their acidity destroys the ozone gas in the stratosphere at cold temperatures particularly below 108ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚°ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ F.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ As the greenhouse gases migrate by gravity toward the north and south poles, the greenhouse gas acidity already destroys some of the ozone, whereby the ozone layer becomes much thinner around the entire globe.ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ 

The greenhouse gases cause atmospheric warming at the EarthƒÆ’‚¢ƒ¢-¡‚¬ƒ¢-¾‚¢s surface, but the greenhouse gases produce cooler temperatures in the stratosphere, and the ozone is consumed by the acidy of CO₂ƒÆ’-¡ƒ”š‚ that occurs at temperatures of minus 108 degrees Fahrenh