Peace attempts made by the Government of Sri
Lanka (1985-2006)
Permanent Mission and Consulate
General of Sri Lanka in Switzerland
" The first-ever peace talks between the Sri Lankan government,
Tamil militants and Tamil political parties were held in the Bhutanese
capital of Thimpu in July 1985. The talks were also the first and the
most comprehensive meeting of a government delegation, militants and
moderate Tamil politicians. The militant groups and Tamil parties agreed
on a formula which urged the government to accept four principles including
the right to self determination and the recognition of the north and
east as the traditional Tamil homeland. However, the government rejected
these demands. Analysts say that the LTTE and other Tamil militant groups
came to the conference harboring the misconception that they would get
the separate state of Eelam.
" Subsequently in July 1987, the then Indian Prime Minister Rajeev
Gandhi and Sri Lankan President J. R. Jayewardene signed the Indo-Sri
Lanka Peace Accord in Colombo guaranteeing the rights of the Tamil minority
and paving the way for the disarming of the Tamil militants in order
for them to enter the democratic mainstream.
-Apart from the LTTE, the several other militant groups formed democratic
political parties and entered the mainstream to secure their aspirations.
-However, to establish itself as the only leader and the only representation
of the Tamil people, the LTTE assassinated most of the Tamil leaders,
militant groups, intellectuals who entered mainstream politics.
-All groups except the LTTE demobilized; however, the LTTE resisted
disarmament attempts by the Indian Peace Keeping Force (IPKF) resulting
in the death of 1500 Indian soldiers and its eventual withdrawal in
1990.
-The LTTE in its characteristic of brutality and of violence, assassinated
Indian Prime Minister Rajeev Gandhi by a suicide attack in 21st May
1991 Prime Minister Rajeev Gandhi was proactive and was committed in
bringing peace to Sri Lanka through negotiations.
" April 1989 - June 1990: The government engaged in direct
communications with the LTTE leadership in seeking a peaceful settlement
for the conflict. India withdrew the last of its forces from Sri Lanka
in early 1990, and fighting between the LTTE and the government resumed
as the government launched military operations. LTTE committed serious
human rights violations, including abduction of children for recruitment.
" February 1990: Formal peace talks between the government
and the LTTE commenced at the Colombo Hilton. The peace talks failed
due to mutual distrust and accusations that both sides arming themselves
while talking peace. President Premadasa, who took initiative to solve
the issue of north and east through negotiations in 1990s, was also
assassinated by the LTTE suicide bomber in 01st May 1993. This assassination
was followed by a string of assassinations of Sinhalese political leaders
using suicide bombers.
" October 1994: Newly elected President Chandrika Kumaratunga,
initiated peace talks with the LTTE. However, this effort did not bear
fruit either.
" January 1995: The Sri Lankan Government and the LTTE
agreed to a cessation of hostilities as a preliminary step to a government-initiated
plan for peace negotiations. However, in April 1995, the LTTE unilaterally
resumed hostilities with an attack on Trincomalee naval base in the
east of the island.
-Proving the fact that the LTTE's intention of not seeking a solution
through peaceful means, LTTE carried out an attempt to assassinate president
Chandrika Kumaratunga as a LTTE suicide bomber blew herself at an election
rally attended by the former President in 1999.
-The government then adopted a policy of military engagement with the
Tigers, with government forces liberating Jaffna from LTTE control by
mid-1995 and moving against LTTE positions in the northern Vanni district.
An LTTE counteroffensive begun in October 1999 reversed most government
gains and by May 2000 threatened to eliminate government forces in Jaffna.
Heavy fighting continued until 2001.
" December 2001: Following the election of the new government,
the LTTE and the government declared unilateral cease-fires.
" February 2002: The Government and the LTTE signed a Ceasefire
Agreement (CFA) with Norwegian facilitation and peace talks began in
December 2002. However, after three rounds, peace talks broke down on
21st April 2003 as the LTTE announced that they were suspending the
talks due to their displeasure at the handling of some critical issues.
-Among the reasons the LTTE gave for this were their exclusion from
reconstruction talks in Washington DC on 14th April 2003 and a more
general perception that they were not receiving the full economic rewards
of peace, the failure, as they saw it, of dividends in peace talks to
transfer to security withdrawals on the ground and the disparity, as
they saw it, between the relative calm of the government-held north-east
and continuing violence in Tiger-held areas. However the LTTE maintained
that it was committed to a negotiated settlement to the two-decade conflict,
but stated that progress had to be made on the ground before the settlement
could be implemented. On 31st October 2003, the LTTE issued its own
peace proposal, calling for an Interim Self-Governing Authority (ISGA).
The ISGA would be controlled by the LTTE and would have broad powers
in the north and east. However, the governments' coalition partners
rejected this proposal, which they saw as sinister attempt to lay the
ground works for a separate state.
-Meanwhile, the LTTE continued extortions both nationally and internationally
and strengthened themselves militarily by smuggling in arms and ammunition,
forcibly recruiting child soldiers, and engaging in the killings of
government intelligence agents and members of rival Tamil groups. The
latter were former militants who had entered the democratic process.
" The parliamentary elections, held on 8th April 2004, resulted
in victory for governing party and its alliance with the Marxist party,
the JVP (People's Liberation Front), with Mahinda Rajapakse appointed
as Prime Minister. Initial fears of a resumption of the conflict proved
unfounded when the new government expressed its desire to continue the
peace process and to find a negotiated settlement to the conflict.
-In the meantime, there was a major split between the northern and
eastern wings of the LTTE. The eastern commander of the LTTE Vinayagamurthi
Muralidharan, popularly known as Colonel Karuna, who was one of Prabakaran's
most trusted lieutenants broke off from the LTTE along with 5,000 eastern
cadres, claiming that the Eastern Province Tamils were denied resources
and power by the LTTE leadership. This was the biggest expression of
dissension in the history of the LTTE and a civil war within the LTTE
seemed imminent. After the parliamentary elections, brief fighting south
of Trincomalee led to a rapid retreat and capitulation of Karuna's group,
their leaders eventually going into hiding including Karuna himself.
However, the "Karuna faction" maintains a significant presence
in the east and continues to launch attacks against the LTTE.
-The breakaway group subsequently formed a political party known as
the Tamil Eelam Makkal Viduthalai Pulikal (TMVP) hoping to contest in
future elections. Meanwhile, the LTTE continued the killing political
opponents and government intelligence officers, while the rebels accused
the government of supporting paramilitary groups against them, especially
the Karuna group. The ceasefire largely held through this turmoil, although
the situation was complicated.
-On 26th December 2004, the Indian Ocean tsunami hit Sri Lanka,
killing more than 30,000 people, and leaving many hundreds more homeless.
Aid poured in from around the world from both national and private donors,
but disagreements arose over the modalities of aid distribution in the
LTTE controlled areas. By 24th June 2005, the government and the LTTE
agreed on the Post-Tsunami Operational Management Structure (P-TOMS),
but it was denounced by the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress (SLMC) and the
JVP. However, immediately following the tsunami there was a marked decrease
in violence in the north.
-On 12th August 2005, a LTTE sniper assassinated Foreign Minister
Lakshman Kadirgamar who was an ethnic Tamil. He was highly respected
internationally and his efforts had led to the proscription of the LTTE
by several western states including the U.S and the UK. His assassination
further marginalized the LTTE internationally.
" During the November 2005 presidential election, the LTTE
enforced a voting prohibition in areas under its control. The presidential
candidate of Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP) Mahinda Rajapakse was victorious
and immediately offered to hold unconditional peace talks with the LTTE.
-Following the presidential election of November 2005, the LTTE leader
Velupillai Prabhakaran stated in his annual address that the Tigers
would "renew their struggle" in 2006. Just days after Prabhakaran's
speech, a new round of violence erupted. Beginning in December 2005,
there was increased guerilla activity in the north-east, including claymore
attacks (which killed 150 government troops), clashes between the Sea
Tigers and the Sri Lanka Navy, and the killings of sympathizers of the
government.
" The co-chairs of the Tokyo Donor conference called on both parties
to return to the negotiating table. The United States in particular
were heavily critical of the violence perpetrated by the LTTE. Both
parties agreed on 7th February 2006 that new talks could be held
in Geneva, Switzerland on 22nd -23rd February.
-The LTTE resumed attacks against the military on 10th April 2006 and
called for a postponement of the Geneva talks until 24th-25th April
2006. On 20th April, the LTTE officially pulled out of peace talks indefinitely
and continued their attacks in the north and the east: they attacked
civilian targets, massacring six rice farmers on 23rd April and hacking
a young mother to death and kidnapping her infant the next day.
29th May 2006: The European Union proscribed the LTTE. It resulted
in the freezing of LTTE assets in EU member states.
June 2006: Further peace talks were scheduled in Oslo, Norway,
between 8th -9th June but canceled when the LTTE refused to meet directly
with the government delegation claiming its fighters were not been allowed
safe passage to travel to the talks. Norwegian mediator Erik Solheim
told journalists that the LTTE should take direct responsibility for
the collapse of the talks.
" New talks were scheduled in Oslo to discuss the future of the
Scandinavian-led Sri Lanka Monitoring Mission (SLMM). The LTTE flew
to Oslo but refused to participate in talks with the Government of Sri
Lanka. They demanded that the SLMM remove any monitors from EU-member
states. It resulted in the freezing of LTTE assets in EU member states,
and put an end to its efforts to raise funds its terror campaign in
Sri Lanka. In a statement, the European Parliament emphasized strongly
the fact that the LTTE did not represent all the Tamils and called on
it to "allow for political pluralism and alternate democratic voices
in the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka".
" 8th-9th June 2006:
-Further peace talks were scheduled in Oslo, Norway, between 8th-9th
June but canceled when the LTTE refused to meet directly with the government
delegation claiming its fighters had not been allowed safe passage to
travel to the talks. They demanded that the SLMM remove any monitors
from EU-member states. Norwegian mediator Solheim told journalists that
the LTTE should take direct responsibility for the collapse of the talks.
15th June 2006
-The massacre of Kebithigollewa on 15th June in which the LTTE attacked
a bus killing at least 64 Sinhalese civilians, which included mostly
children.
21st July 2006
-The LTTE closed the sluice gates of the Mavil Aru reservoir and cut
the water supply to 15,000 villagers in the Government controlled areas.
2nd August 2006
-The clashes erupted on 2nd August 2006; the LTTE attacked Muttur and
then moved in gaining control of some parts of the town. The military
retaliated.
6th August 2006
-17 persons working for the international French charity Action against
Hunger (ACF) in Muttur, were found executed.
12th August 2006
-Assassination of Mr. Kethish Loganadan, a prominent and well respected
Tamil human rights and peace activist, the former deputy secretary General
of the Peace Secretariat. This Assassination mounted up to 30 assassinations
of the Tamil intellectuals by the LTTE.
14th August 2006
-A claymore attack on the convoy carrying the Pakistani High Commissioner
to Sri Lanka Bashir Wali Mohamed. Ambassador escaped unhurt but seven
others were killed. The LTTE are strongly believed to have carried out
the attack.
15th August 2006
-Eventually, following heavy fighting with the rebels, government troops
gained full control of the Mavil Aru reservoir.
17th August 2006
-LTTE Sea Tiger cadres attacked the Dakshina naval base in the southern
port city of Galle.
-Following the clashes in Mavil Aru and Muttur, the LTTE had intensified
attacks targeting the naval base in Trincomalee.
21st August 2006
-In a speech on 21st August, the Sri Lankan President Mahinda Rajapakse
made clear that the government intentions were to neutralize the LTTE
threat from Sampur, which is located near the strategic naval base of
Trincomalee.
28th August 2006
-The Sri Lankan military launched an assault on the LTTE camps in Sampur
and the adjoining Kaddaiparichchan and Thoppur areas to retake the territory.
-LTTE declared that if the offensive continued, the cease-fire would
be officially over.
" 28th -29th October 2006:
-Despite these incidents, both parties agreed to unconditionally attend
peace talks in Geneva on 28th
-29th October. However, the peace talks broke down due to disagreements
over the reopening of the key A9 highway, which is the link between
Jaffna and government controlled areas in the south.
-The government decided to drive out the LTTE out of the Eastern Province
of Sri Lanka and to free the 35,000 civilians who were used as human
shields in the areas controlled by the LTTE.
-LTTE cadres carried out two bus bombings in the south of the country
killing 21 civilians.
January 2007
-After months of heavy fighting, Vakarai, one of the eastern strongholds
of the LTTE was liberated by the government troops.
-Tamil Tiger rebels launched their first-ever air attack, which targeted
the Katunayake Air Force base adjacent to Bandaranike International
Air Port by the end of January 2007.
1st April 2007:
-LTTE killed six Sinhalese tsunami aid workers in the eastern district
of Baticoloa.
2nd April 2007
-Suspected LTTE cadres set off a bomb aboard a civilian bus in Ampara
killing 17 people including children.
11th July 2007
-The Army's capture of the last eastern stronghold of the Liberation
Tigers of Tamil Eelam at Thoppigala.
02nd September 2007
-Liberation of Arippu and Silavathurai areas located south of Mannar
(in the Northern province) from the grip of the Liberation Tigers of
Tamil Eelam.
© The Permanent Mission of Sri Lanka to the United Nations Office
at Geneva
www.lankamission.org
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